The Theory Of Nature Or Nurture - 1520 Words

The self, the I, the me. What gives birth to individuality, personality, feelings, thoughts, and behaviors? Everything in your life, from the minor to the major, all have an equal importance and influence on how you develop, how you act, feel, and even look. Namely, what you are born with, raised with, influenced by, and surrounded by will affect the way you progress or regress as an individual in this society. The way you define yourself, not only that, but how others define you is you in a sense of individuality that makes you different, the same, or revolutionary in the eyes of your own self or others. The theory of nature or nurture, in other words what you are born with and what you are influenced by in different environmental†¦show more content†¦Also, relationships with other family members—grandparents, uncles, and aunts— may vary. Further, families differ according to the combination of subgroups to which they belong. Even if you have a family you may not necessarily have a father and a mother to care for you, having other people raise you and take care of you like another relative will also shape someone in a certain way and he or she may develop certain behaviors, feelings, and thoughts about a certain sensitive issue. Not only if you have other relatives that are caring for you, but if a child happens to be an orphan it will change the way his or her personality develops and shapes this person for live. How you are raised, who raised you, racial or ethnic group, social class, religious group, geographic region, and many other aspects of family influence who you become as a person and in which ways your personality develops. Furthermore, family is not the last and only thing that will affect your personality and identity. A huge factor that has tons of influence (specially in younger adults) and in the development to adulthood is who youShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Nature And Nurture Essay2057 Words   |  9 Pagesbeing requires each life moments. Being that there are predictions of common patterns to every human being, no individual life is the same. How a person develop throughout their life, depends on environmental blending experiences and biology. Nature and nurture are tingled before we are born. Processing of physical changes are largely driven as our brain grow and change due to different cognitive abilities and reduce function in old age, while psychosocial development is also influence by physicalRead MorePsychology : The Nurture Theory And The Nature Theory1498 Words   |  6 Pagesuse the caregiver as a secure base. This paper will discuss two theories in developmental psychology: The nurt ure theory and the nature theory. The nurture theory, known as the behaviourism theory, tells us that babies learn all of their behaviours and that attachment is a result of conditioning. We will look at two types of learning and evaluate the nurture theory using research. In contrast, the nature theory is an evolutionary theory of Bowlby (1988) which states that babies are born with a survivalRead MoreThe Theory Of Nature Vs. Nurture1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of nature vs. nurture, or inherited vs. acquired, is a complex psychological theory that questions how people develop, as a person, in life and how they act. Their impact determines your personality traits, values, morals, and behavior in life. The idea of nature is the belief that people develop into who they are based on genetic traits given to them at birth. For example, some children inherit a musical talent from their parents along with eye color, hair color, and race. These traitsRead MoreThe Theories Of Natu re Vs Nurture1752 Words   |  8 Pages Through history, the idea of nature vs nurture has been a hotly debated issue. Nature, or genetics is often believed to be the most important aspect of a persons’ upbringing, as nature is something very intrinsic to any one person. However, many debate that nurture, or the care and encouragement of any human life, trumps nature. The earliest (proofs?) and rebuttals of these theories have been honed and developed over time by specific psychologists and educational theorists – all who hoped to proveRead MoreThe Theory Of Nature Vs. Nurture1523 Words   |  7 Pagesstated, the â€Å"nature versus nurture† concept is very prevalent within developmental theory. Many theorists have strong opinions on the subject and how it relates to biological development, behavioral development and learning. The nature concept refers to development being driven by heredity, maturation, genes, and inborn intrinsic actions (Lerner, 2002). A theorist who had a strong view that nature w as the driving force behind development was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In contrast, the nurture concept refersRead MoreThe Theories Of Nature Vs. Nurture2037 Words   |  9 Pages Through history, the idea of nature vs. nurture has been a hotly debated issue. Nature, or genetics is often believed to be the most important aspect of a persons’ upbringing, as nature is something intrinsic to any one person. However, many debate that nurture, or the care and encouragement of any human life, trumps nature. The earliest evidence and rebuttals of these theories have been honed and developed over time by specific psychologists and educational theorists – all who hoped to prove theirRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Theory Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesQ) What was the basis of doctors reasoning to raise David (named Bruce at birth) as a girl? Explain the doctors reasoning in relation to nature versus nurture theories. The phycologist recommended to David’s parents that they can raise David as a girl just by developing his identity as a feminine. The physiologist also recommended that the surgical process of constructing penis would be more difficult and risky for David than the surgical construction of a vagina. The psychologist explained to David’sRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Personality Theories1855 Words   |  8 PagesPersonality theories include a wide range of thoughts and it is hard to narrow them down to a choice of how and why individuals are their identity. These complex thoughts must be examined and gone over certainly before one can decide whether an individual meets the characterized significance of the hypothesis. An example would need to be set up with the person before they could be said to have a specific identity quality. To what extent should an individual take after an example of conduct beforeRead More Nature vs. Nurture: Leaning Towards the Nurture Theory Essa y2121 Words   |  9 PagesIs nature responsible for the way children think and behave, or is it due to the way a child is nurtured? Scientists and psychologists have been debating the subject of nature versus nurture for decades. The term â€Å"nature† refers to heredity, or the genetic traits passed down from parent to child (Powell, 2010). Researchers all over the world attempt to prove that genetics is the sole explanation of a child’s intelligence and personality. Human DNA determines traits such as eye color, nose shapeRead MoreMy Personal Developmental Theory, Nature Vs. Nurture812 Words   |  4 Pagesshape and influence development. My personal developmental theory consists of several tenets from theories such as, nature vs. nurture, systems and cognitive developmental theory. While there are many theories in lifespan development, and they are all relevant in the development of an individual I found these particular theories the most influential in my de velopment. Nature vs. Nurture From a biological perspective, nature vs. nurture plays a critical role in the development of an individual. Meaney

Social Labeling And Stigmatizing Minority Children

One must understand the diversity of health issues in dealing with different ethnicity groups in childhood obesities. Since my research data demonstrate that minorities are more likely to be obese than non-minorities, thus I do not want to provide an image of social labeling and stigmatizing minority children who are overweight. There are many factors that play in role in children being obese that must be taken into accounts. One of the factors, the income status of the parents and how it generally affects the child quality of life, living environment. For example, if the parents have a low yearly income it can factor in the child being obese in comparison to a child’s parent having an average or high income, including affecting the living environment and the type of food eaten. In addition, obese children are prone to psychological issues such as depression, general anxiety, emotional problem, including eating disorder (Holm et al., 2014). And different race and ethnicity dea l with these types of psychological issues differently. Some public health professionals believe parents should be responsible for their own children being overweight. However, this can raise ethical issues if parents coming from communities that do not have access to health promotion care. Also, these significantly impacts impoverish family, especially obese children, since these children will not have the daily availability of accessible health care (Holm et al., 2014). Moreover, they are living on inShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Multicultural Education : The Material Presented Goes Along With Our Weekly Reading Assignments998 Words   |  4 Pagesimperatives are: 1. Reflect the heterogeneity of the school; 2. Are sensitive to the needs of the various groups comprising the student population; 3. Incorporate their contributions to the overall mission of the school; and 4. Create a cultural and social ambiance that is inclusive and empowers all groups in the school (Rosado, 2015). The four imperatives resonate with affirmative action, val uing differences, managing diversity and living diversity. These four imperatives are important for schoolsRead MoreWhy We Should Abolish Categories Of Exceptionality1879 Words   |  8 PagesStudents who are labeled as having a disability are often stigmatized and negatively impacted (Reschly, 1996). This is often the result of how others perceive the label. Some labels are considered more stigmatizing than others. For example, many consider mental retardation to be more stigmatizing than a learning disability. Disability labels shape teacher expectations (Henley, Ramsey, Algozzine, (2009) and may cause the teacher to have different expectations of how the student may perform basedRead MoreThe Theory Of Culture As A Disability2216 Words   |  9 Pagesstandards generated by the dominant culture. This biases system allows room for racial discrimination which contributes to the over-representation of African Americans in special education. Special education refers to a range of educational and social services provided by the public school system, and other educational institutions to individuals with disabilities who are between three and twenty-one years of age. It is designed to ensure that students with disabilities are provided with an environmentRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic in America Essay examples3918 Words   |  16 Pages In this research paper we will be looking at the topic of obesity and the social ramifications that it holds. We will first look at obesity in a broad way. Then we will focus on obesity and its effects on children. And finally, obesity and adulthood will be covered. The topic of obesity is important to the field of sociology because obese people make up a significant portion of the world’s population. In addition, the manner in which obese people are treated has a significant effect on societyRead MoreObesity3999 Words   |  16 Pagesevery person on the planet. Everyone knows someone who is overweight or they themselves are overweight. In this research paper we will be looking at the topic of obesity and the social ramifications that it holds. We will first look at obesity in a broad way. Then we will focus on obesity and its effects on children. And finally, obesity and adulthood will be covered. The topic of obesity is important to the field of sociology because obes e people make up a significant portion of the worldsRead MoreLanguage as a Social Construction of Reality.4593 Words   |  19 PagesLanguage and the Social Construction of Reality: Spinning Social Reality with Euphemisms Steve Eliason Montana State University, Billings ABSTRACT This paper describes an exercise I use in my introductory sociology classes that introduces students to language and the social construction of reality process. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is widely taught in introductory sociology classes and suggests that we perceive the world in terms of our own language, and that individual languages produce differentRead MoreObesity Stigma As An Outdoor Leisure Constraint2785 Words   |  12 Pagesof life, and the building of warm relationships (Goldenburg, Hill, Freidt, 2008). According to a recent study, the greatest contributor to life satisfaction among older females was outdoor activity participation (State of California Resources). Children with ADHD showed significant improvement with attention deficit symptoms after spending time outdoors, especially in areas with greenery (Godbey, 2009). Recreation can be the cause as well as the effect of good mental health; participation increasesRead MoreAbnormal Psychology. Classificatio n and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 PagesKraepelin’s work: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association. Why is it important to classify abnormal behavior? For one thing, classification is the core of science. Without labeling and organizing patterns of abnormal behavior, researchers could not communicate their findings to one another, and progress toward understanding these disorders would come to a halt. Moreover, important decisions are made on the basis of classification

Features Managing Processing Information †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Features Managing Processing Information? Answer: Introducation According to me the IT is known as information technology. The application of IT is the broad subject which is concerned with all features of managing and processing the information of the user in the large organization and companies. While IT is often referred with respect to the computer description and its networks. From the computer hardware to its software which includes all the operating systems, databases, telecommunication technologies which includes the Internetandbusiness phones. These are the systems are the part and application of the Information technology. Information technology importance in my carrier in my carrier As I aim to be an Information and technology professional my job is in the field of devices for the communication process with each other through the information technology I can connect the devices for the communication purpose. To make the communication faster and effective within the large organization. The application of the Information technology can be used for the real-time interaction which is not synchronized with gaps in time between when a sender transmits a message and when the recipient processes it( Schwalbe, 2015). Thus the information technology has a important role in the carrier of IHT. Usage of IT in business sector With the introduction of computers, the way of doing business world has changed. Using information technology in business is to ensure that various department like human resources, finance, manufacturing, and security in the company are communicating smoothly (Zikmund, et al ,2013). Using information technology, businesses can analyze the changes in the global markets faster than the traditional method. Information technology is also used by the businesses like Amazon who is working for consumers to do their shopping online with a few browsing on company website it will allow the consumer to submit his order and with the help of information technology that order to the company. Emerging Technology Nan sensors and the Internet of Nanothings The Nanothings is the technology which is going to have a huge impact on the future of healthcare, finance, drug manufacturing sector (Waser, 2012). The self driving cars Through the Artificial intelligence companies are trying to make next generation cars which are self driving. Organ on chips The artificial models of human organs which is as small as a memory stick and it could revolutionize medical research and making of medicines by enabling the researchers to analyze the biological mechanism behavior in the way which was not possible before. Enterprise Architecture Enterprise means the business or the company and its architecture means that the art of carrying out the work therefore the enterprise architecture is defined as blueprint of the layout structure and operation of a particular company (Bernard, 2012). The primary purpose of enterprise architecture is to devise that how an organization can achieve its objectives effectively Main risks associated with implementation of new Information Systems To implement the Information system the organization means to store the company data online thus there is the risk of data breach if proper firewall is not used to protect the data. The implementation of information technology requires the huge investment which cannot be afforded by every organization References Bernard, S. A. (2012).An introduction to enterprise architecture. AuthorHouse. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Waser, R. (Ed.). (2012).Nanoelectronics and information technology. John Wiley Sons. Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., Griffin, M. (2013).Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

The Teenage Girl free essay sample

It is the most satisfying feeling in the world. So for me to get to go to my first Metal concert a few years ago, you can imagine there was no happier guy on earth that day. It was a school day, but as you can guess, I had no intention of going to school. I had bought that beautiful little piece Of paper reading, Lamb Of God. FIEF My suffering has almost come to an end. My patience is finally about to pay off. The only thing standing between myself, and the most glorious experience of my life, was a few hundred miles of interstate, and a line of eager fans much like myself. We will write a custom essay sample on The Teenage Girl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now, I had been waiting for this life changing experience for far too long to not be right up front, looking my idols in the eye. So I planned my trip so I would be the first person in line, and the first to the front of that stage. Its 4 in the morning, and I have to leave right now!Unfortunately, it wasnt quite time for my voyage to start just et, had to pick up a couple people to come with me before I left, but I sure as hell made sure they were ready to go fifteen minutes before I even left to pick them up. My buddy TTY, and my bands manager Dillon were also big fans of all of the bands on the line-up for that night, so they were hitching a ride with me. TTY is pretty much an acquired taste kind of person. He definitely isnt warm and welcoming right off the bat, and he generally never has money. hey man let me bum a smoke, or BRB do you want buy me some food? Were often heard sneaking out of his mouth, as if his mouth didnt really want o let it out because it knew he was being an ass- You could also say he isnt the best looking guy around. We all make jokes that he looks like Lars Lurch of Metallic, poor guy. Then theres Dillon. You know Thomas the Train, The little engine that could? Well Dillon was The big manager that couldnt. Always making horrible deals, and sending us to terrible shows, resulting in his termination as manager, but I digress. Hes a big brute who doesnt take sit from anyone, and loves to drink and listen to heavy metal and hang out with chicks.Thus the reason we hired him. So picked them up, and off we go, on an epic journey to our personal heaven. Once I started the car, It was on. Said, guys, I hope you passed before this morning because Im not stopping until were there. I suppose I should tell you, we lived in the middle of nowhere in Nebraska at the time, and there was in Colorado. Against my will, my screaming stomach forced me to stop at a McDonalds about half-way there, which was good because Dillon had informed me that he was about to pips his pants, and I had just got done extensively cleaning my car. After the short break, it was back to business.More driving, down that seemingly endless stretch of pavement leading to the best day of my life. Im going to go ahead and skip the rest of that agonizing drive for you, because Im too embarrassed to talk about the fact that got us lost for about 20 minutes. So here we come, over a small hill, looking down on the colossal venue that were about to see our idols in, and you can almost hear some triumphant symphony in the distance saying, youre here! . We park in what seems to be a ghost town at the moment, but soon we will be three members f an army of metal heads ready to brutalize this town with metal! Hough that time was done mocking me, seeing how its today, Im here. Was sadly mistaken. Didnt realize that the wait in line would drag on slower than a one legged turtle trying to get across a muddy cornfield. I will tell you right now, that it was far beyond worth the wait when finally, down the street See several tour busses heading our way. I apologize if my language offends you here, but I almost sit myself with excitement when They pulled up. The lock could finally stop staring at me with that devilish smirk, and I could finally take my rightful place as ruler of the front row.The big doors to the venue,which proudly I stood directly in front of, slowly creaked open, as if asking are you sure youre ready? , and we all started scampering in like dogs that had been left outside in the rain all day. I proudly handed the first ticket over to the burly dude collecting tickets, and immediately ran to the front of the stage. Guess I forgot about TTY and Dillon, but they ended up making their way up to the front any. . N. ay. Standing there, you could feel the thick anticipation in the air, and smell the musty, sweaty bodies that had been waiting outside all day. Didnt notice on my way up, probably due to being overly excited, but your shoes stuck to the ground like the floor was made of duct tape. There was apparently a concert the night before that the cleanup crew got lazy on. Oh well, didnt care. My life was about to be complete. Stood patiently through the first three bands who were not nearly as important as the headliners, but very good bands none the less. Finally, those agile words were said that seemed to bring a tidal wave of screams from the floor up that filled the whole stadium and shook the earth. Welcome to the stage, Lamb. Of. GOD! . My heart jumped and so did l. check it out dude! There they are! screamed in Toys ear as the band members came through the back of the stage, surrounded in a sheath of fog. Hell yeah! was the reply I got. We waited, and waited, and waited a little more. Boom! The lights go out and the lasers and strobes immediately go off. It looked like what I imagined the apocalypse to kick like, but the insane music I was hearing Enid those lights assured me, this was far from the apocalypse.

The Upstairs Room essays

The Upstairs Room essays In the story, The Upstairs Room, by Johanna Reiss, the setting is emphasized. This story takes place during the Holocaust, a very important significant time in history. The Upstairs Room is about the lives of two Jewish sisters during the war, but it focuses on the events happening around them. During the story, the two sisters, Sini and Annie, went into hiding so they wouldnt be sent to a concentration camp. This showed how at this time all Jews men, women, and children were in danger of being sent away to a concentration camp and fighting for their lives. Sini and Annie were confined to the upstairs of the house in which they were being kept in secrecy. They could never go into town and they usually had to stay in bed when company was over so they didnt make any noise. The lives that these girls were living represented the lives of all Jews in hiding during the Holocaust. During the war, the German soldiers would go to town and randomly select people off the streets to work for them. Because of this, the family hiding Sini and Annie also had to be careful. They had to limit the times they went to town to buy food and other necessary items. When they did go to town they had to make sure they didnt do anything suspicious to make people wander if they were hiding Jews. They couldnt buy too much food or material for clothes because they didnt before the war and they wanted people to think everything was the same. In the story one of the major events that took place would be listening to the radio every evening. The family, Sini, and Annie would gather around the radio and listen to hear any new news about the progress of the war. On the radio stories of Hitler would be told. One story mentioned was about the gas chambers at the concentration camps. The broadcaster said that people at the camps were told they were allowed to receive a shower, but instead of water, gas would come ...

How to Make Font Size Bigger or Smaller on Your Screen

How to Make Font Size Bigger or Smaller on Your Screen When you encounter a screen with a font thats too small, you can easily adjust it with a few keyboard shortcuts, your browser, or settings within your computer. The steps you take vary depending on what kind of computer you are using, a Mac or PC. Both types of computers allow you to quickly change font size, but the keys you need to hit are different. Keyboard Shortcut for Zoom If youre using a PC, hold down the Ctrl key while also tapping the or - key. Youll find the Ctrl (which means control) key on the lower left-hand part of the keyboard to zoom in and out. The   and - keys are located near the top right-hand corner of the keyboard. These actions trigger a zoom function, that lets you enlarge the screen youre viewing (the sign) or zoom out using the - key. On a Mac, the function is similar, except youll use the Command key with the or - keys. The Command key usually says Command on it and displays a symbol such as âÅ'Ëœ. Youll find it toward the bottom  left corner  of the keyboard. The and - keys are near the top right-hand corner of the keyboard, similar to the configuration for the PC. The zoom functions work across a variety of platforms, including browsers and various software such as Microsoft Word and Adobe Creative Suite products. Windows Change Font Size Buttons You can also change the font size on your computer by using software commands. To change the font on your desktop or folders in Windows 10, Windows Central  describes the process: Right-click on your  desktop and select Display settings.Use the slider to change the size of the text. If you want to temporarily enlarge a portion of the screen, use the built-in magnifier, notes Windows Central. You can  quickly  open it by using the keyboard shortcut  Windows key and the plus sign ()  to zoom in and minus sign (-) to zoom out. Use  Windows key and Esc  to exit the magnifier. Mac Font Size Changes In order to increase the font size on your Mac, you can lower your  computers resolution, change the size of the desktop icons, and increase the size of a sidebar size. From the main Apple menu, select System Preferences.Choose the Displays Menu.Choose the scaled button in the Resolution area.In the next window, select a lower resolution size. You can also change the font size for desktop icons by right-clicking on your desktop and choosing Show View Options. In the window that pops up, youll see options for icon size, grid spacing, text size, and label position. Use these controls to alter your screen view until it meets your needs. Browser Font Adjustment You can also adjust the font size in your browser: Firefox: Select tools - options - content - font, and color. Here, you can change the default font size for the browser. Note that some websites have their font size set and the browser can’t always change it.Safari: From the Safari menu, choose Preferences. Under the advanced tab look for the accessibility section and click the button for Never use font sizes smaller than and choose the font size that best meets your needs.Internet Explorer: Select menu - view - text size. Or, depending on the version, there may be a slider in the bottom right corner you can move to increase the page size, much like zoom.Google Chrome: From the Chrome menu, choose Preferences. This will open a settings window. Scroll down to the Appearance section, find the font size drop-down menu and choose your font size, which ranges from very small to very large. Source Guim, Mark. How to make text, apps, and other items bigger in Windows 10. Windows Central, August 18, 2015.

Quickbooks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quickbooks - Essay Example The company would have also opted to obtain loans from other financial institutions, this would have helped in increasing the companies gearing ratio which is very low. The company current ratio is also negative this is as a result of its payables being more than its receivables; the company has incurred a lot of accrued debts which are to be settled in the next financial year. These incurred debts tend to lower the companies gearing ratio thus putting it in a bad financial position. The company has no retained earnings as per the end of the month of December. This is quite evident on its financial statements because the little amounts that it has it uses it in paying its declared dividends and some money in paying out its debtors whose debt periods are almost maturing. The company has also used most of its funds in the purchase of assets as evident in the financial statements. The company should reduce the amounts of expenditure on assets and put much of its funds in generating additional income that will help in increasing its financial position a bit higher (Brown, Beekes & Verhoeven 2011). The company should also adopt a much more cost saving strategy that will help in reducing its rate of depreciation. The management should adopt measures that are much better that the policies adopted on the month of

Environmentally-focused law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Environmentally-focused law - Essay Example As a person with environmental awareness, I propose that production companies should go back to the use of glass bottles which can be reused and recycled. Since plastic bottles and plastic bags are easily discarded, people tend not to worry about where these wastes go to. Therefore, the plastic materials pile up in the ocean and the unsuspecting sea animals consume the garbage, resulting to their extinction. It is also known that plastic materials do not decompose until hundreds of years. Thus, if companies cannot use glass bottles, at least they should resort to biodegradable materials. In addition, their advertisements of any form should always advocate environmental awareness to consumers so that they will become responsible in their waste disposals. As producers, companies should not simply aim for high earnings but they should also take part in the preservation of the

Application of the Neuman Systems Essay Example for Free

Application of the Neuman Systems Essay With concerns of our day to day living we do not have enough time and budget to be choosy of the type of food or the nutritional value of it, what we think of nowadays is just to have something to satisfy our hunger without considering the nutrients that our body needs each day. When we hear diet nowadays often we see it as losing weight by means of controlling food intake, but the truth is diet could also mean eating nutritious foods to supplement our body’s needs of nutrients and the type of foods that we are going to consume. As statistics report show that in the United States as many as 20% of hospitalized patients are hypokalemic; however, hypokalemia is clinically significant in only about 4-5% of these patients. Severe hypokalemia is relatively uncommon. Up to 14% of outpatients who undergo laboratory testing are found to be mildly hypokalemic .Approximately 80% of patients who are receiving diuretics become hypokalemic. Sex Incidence is equal in males and females. The researcher chose hypokalemia as a topic for a case study in acute adult diseases for the reason that hypokalemia is a fatal disease that is often neglected by the people in the sense that people does not know what the disease is all about. The researcher believes that through studying the whole course of illness, insights and new information can be obtained in dealing with hypokalemia which could help students, nurses and any researcher who would endeavor in the study of hypokalemia Theoretical Framework The researcher aimed to utilize Neuman Systems Model in a client with hypokalemia. This theory holistically developed to meet or complement for the client’s needs the researcher wants to verify and to validate the theory by using it on an acute condition called hypokalemia. The unique focus of the Neuman Systems Model is the wellness of the client/client system in relation to environmental stress and reactions to stress (Fawcett,1995). In relation to its wholistic approach According to the Neuman Systems Model and systemic perspective in general, health and wellness is defined as the coordination or the degree of system stability, that is, the condition in which all parts and subparts (variables) are in balance or harmony with the whole of the client/client system (Neuman,2002) Betty Neuman’s Systems Model is based on concepts related to stress and reaction to stress. The Neuman Systems Model includes the physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual variables at all levels of the system (Neuman, 2002). The physiological variable deals with mental relationships and processes. The sociocultural variable deals with those functions of the system that involve social and cultural interactions and expectations. The developmental variable deals with developmental processes and needs that vary as the system matures. The spiritual variable deals with the system’s beliefs and their influence and is, according to Neuman, the least understood despite its importance (Frisch, 2006). Basic Structure consists of common client survival factors, as well as unique individual characteristics. It represents the basic system energy resources (Neuman, 2002). Client/client system a composite of variables (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual), each of which is a subpart of all parts, forms the whole of the client. The client as a system is composed of a core or basic structure of survival factors and surrounding protective concentric rings. The concentric rings are composed of similar factors, yet serve varied and different purposes in either retention, attainment, or maintenance of system stability and integrity or combination of these. The client is considered an open system in total interface with the environment. The client is viewed as a system, and the term can used interchangeably with the client/client system (Neuman, 2002). Content the variables of a person in interaction with the internal and external environment comprise the whole client system (Neuman, 2002) Degree of reaction the degree of reaction is the amount of system instability resulting from stressor invasion of the normal lines of defense. Environment is defined as â€Å"all factors affecting and affected by the system† and is â€Å"all internal and external factors or influences surrounding the identified client or client system†. Neuman has identified three relevant environments. The internal environment â€Å" consists of all forces or interactive influences internal to or contained solely within the boundaries of the defined client/client system†. The external environment â€Å" consists of all forces or interactive influences external to or existing outside the defined client/client system† and is interpersonal and extrapersonal in nature(Neuman, 2002). Feedback the process within which matter, energy, and information, as system output, provide feedback for corrective action to change, enhance or stabilize the system. Flexible lines of defense is a protective buffer for the client’s normal or a stable state. Ideally, it prevents invasion of stressors and keeps the client system free from stressor reactions or symptomatology (Fawcett, 1995). Goal the system goal is stability for the purpose of client survival and optimal wellness. Health a continuum of wellness to illness, dynamic in nature, that is constantly subject to change. Optimal wellness or stability indicates that total system needs are being met. A reduced state of wellness is the result of unmet needs. The client is in a dynamic state either wellness or illness, in varying degrees, at any point in time. Input/Output the matter, energy, and information exchanged between client and environment that is entering or leaving the system at any point in time. Lines of resistance contain certain known and unknown internal and external resource factors that support the client’s basic structure and normal defense line thus protecting system integrity. An example is the body’s mobilization of white blood cells or activation of immune system mechanisms. Effectiveness of the lines of resistance in reversing the reaction to stressors allows the system to reconstitute; ineffectiveness leads to energy depletion (Neuman, 2002). Normal line of defense is the solid boundary line that encircles the broken internal lines of resistance. This line represents what the client has become, the state to which the client has evolved over time, or the usual wellness level. The normal defense line is a standard against any deviancy from the usual wellness state can be determined (Neuman, 2002). Prevention as intervention typology or modes for nursing action and determinants for entry of both client and nurse into the health care system. Primary prevention: before a reaction to stressors occurs. Secondary prevention: treatment of symptoms following a reaction to stressors Tertiary prevention: maintenance of optimal wellness following treatment. Reconstitution represents the return and maintenance of system stability, following treatment of stressor reaction, which may result in higher or lower level of wellness than previously. Stability a state of balance or harmony requiring energy exchanges as the client adequately copes with stressors to retain, attain, or maintain an optimal level of health, thus preserving system integrity. Stressors are environmental factors, intra-, inter-, extrapersonal factor in nature that have potential for disrupting system stability. A stress is any phenomenon that might penetrate both the flexible and normal lines of defense, resulting in either positive or negative outcome (Neuman, 2002). Intrapersonal stressors are within the internal environment of the client/client system and include such forces as conditioned and autoimmune responses. Interpersonal stressors are in the external environment. They occur at the boundary between the client/client system and the proximal external environment an include such forces as role expectations and communication patterns. Extrapersonal stressors also are in the external environment. They occur at the boundary of the client/client system and the distal external environment and include such forces as financial concerns or social policies (Fawcett, 1995). Wellness/Illness wellness is the condition in which all system parts and subparts are in harmony with the whole system of the client. Wholeness is based on interrelationships of variables, which determine the amount of resistance an individual has to any stressor. Illness indicates disharmony among the parts and subparts of the client system. Wholistic a system is considered wholistic when any parts or subparts can be organized into an interrelating whole. Wholistic organization is one of keeping parts whole or stable in their intimate relationships; individuals are viewed as wholes whose component parts are in dynamic interdependent interaction. Research Design The researcher in this study utilized the case study method. The case study design involves an intensive exploration of a single unit of study, such as a person, very small number of subjects, family, group, community, or institution ( Burns Grove, 2003). Research locale The study was conducted in Cebu City Medical Center located at N. Bacalso Avenue,Cebu City. Cebu City Medical Center (CCMC) is a 300 bed capacity government hospital that caters all residents of Cebu City. The client was admitted at the stroke ward, third floor which accommodates clients with physical complaints, classified under Internal Medicine (IM) as cardiovascular problems. It is a 10 bed capacity ward which caters patients admitted with cardiovascular problems. Research Instrument The researcher utilized Gordons functional health pattern as a research instrument which is categorized in 11 domains namely health perception management pattern which explains of what the client perceives in her condition, nutritional-metabolic pattern explains for the diet of the client and regarding food groups and the number of servings per day, elimination pattern pertains to urinary and bowel patterns, exercise- activity pattern points out to the activities of daily living of the client which also includes exercise, sleep-rest pattern defines the number of hours the client sleeps or on what time of the day the client takes his rest/ either its continuous or disturbed, cognitive perceptual pattern refers to the level of cognitive maturation of the client, self-perception pattern means on how the client perceives or sees herself, role-relationship pattern explains the role of the client in her family and society, sexuality-sexual functioning this domain explains if the client is sexually active or not and the number and age gap of the children the client has, coping-stress management pattern means on how the client would react to stress and what would the client do to resolve it , and values-belief system identifies the belief or religion of the client and their religious practices. Data gathering procedure A transmittal letter was sent to the chief nurse of cebu city medical center. The researcher chose a client which had an acute condition to be interviewed, prior to the interview the researcher explained to the client the purpose and the goals of the interview, wherein the client agreed with her full consent and understanding. The researcher conducted a chart review of the client followed by doing a physical assessment and did an interview utilizing Gordon’s Health pattern tool. Chapter 2 Results and Discussion This chapter presents an appraisal utilizing the Neuman Systems Model in assessing and dealing with clients with hypokalemia. Situational Appraisal The client is a 38-year old female, which currently resides at baranggay ylaya talamban Cebu City. She was born on march 10, 1975, she is a Roman Catholic by faith and is the youngest amongst two daughters of the second family her father had, and is now an orphan and a widow. She perceives her current condition as a payment for her sins, the client’s sister said that the client had times where she had epilepsy and sometimes with seizures but it disappeared later in time .She is currently unemployed and only works as an extra even though she had an unstable source of income she still managed to eat 3 times daily but with limitation of food intake vegetable is the main food source that they can afford and is only in a single food group drinks water depending on her needs or if she is thirsty. Elimination pattern is on a daily basis or depending upon the urge. Her daily activity includes waking up, sleeping, and goes to work which is considered as sedentary. Sleep and rest patterns are altered she sleeps 6-9 hours daily but is interrupted she wakes up at night and has difficulties in falling back to sleep. The client was a third year high school level but it was not a hindrance to her to find a job. The client views herself as helpless and hopeless at some times due to her illness. She was the youngest daughter she sought all the attention of her parents but she did not rely on them she worked hard to be employed and she found a job as a factory worker her elder sister was had a child and which she also loved as her own, and later was married. She was married but never had a child but she acted as a mother to her sister’s son, in her current state she has no partner in life and is not sexually active for her living a single life free of obligations is fine, following by the loss of both her parents she was on depressed and drowned herself in her work just to get over following her loss, it was also aggravated when her husband died in an accident which she had the hard time to accept and was depressed which made her let go of her job, the most depressed moment of her life where she resorted to the use of prohibited drugs happened when her nephew died it was the most painful loss for her because she treated her nephew as her own son. The only family member that is left with her is her elder sister all of her siblings on her father’s first family is not close to them. The client believed that her present condition is a punishment to her since she forgot her obligations in the church and thought being a creditor is a sin and she is paying for it. Theory-Based Assessment Physiological loss of system stability demonstrated in muscle weakness as seen in difficulty in breathing and inability to ambulate Psychological loss of system stability demonstrated in feelings of uselessness and helplessness Sociocultural loss of system stability seen in lack of financial support upon hospitalization and relative support Developmental loss of system stability seen in unemployment, dependence, and a decrease in competency in current age bracket. Spiritual loss of system stability in feelings of uselessness Psychopathophysiology The first is deficient intake. Poor potassium intake alone is an uncommon cause of hypokalemia but occasionally can be seen in very elderly individuals unable to cook for themselves or unable to chew or swallow well. Over time, such individuals can accumulate a significant potassium deficit. Another clinical situation where hypokalemia may occur due to poor intake is in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), where potassium supplementation may be inadequate for a prolonged period of time. The second is increased excretion. Increased excretion of potassium, especially coupled with poor intake, is the most common cause of hypokalemia. The most common mechanisms leading to increased renal potassium losses include enhanced sodium delivery to the collecting duct, as with diuretics; mineralocorticoid excess, as with primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism; or increased urine flow, as with an osmotic diuresis. Gastrointestinal losses, most commonly from diarrhea, also are common causes of hypokalemia. Vomiting is a common cause of hypokalemia, but the pathogenesis of the hypokalemia is complex. Gastric fluid itself contains little potassium, approximately 10 mEq/L. However, vomiting produces volume depletion and metabolic alkalosis. These 2 processes are accompanied by increased renal potassium excretion. Volume depletion leads to secondary hyperaldosteronism, which, in turn, leads to enhanced cortical collecting tubule secretion of potassium in response to enhanced sodium reabsorption. Metabolic alkalosis also increases collecting tubule potassium secretion due to the decreased availability of hydrogen ions for secretion in response to sodium reabsorption. The third is due to a shift from extracellular to intracellular space. This pathogenetic mechanism also often accompanies increased excretion, leading to a potentiation of the hypokalemic effect of excessive loss. Intracellular shifts of potassium often are episodic and frequently are self-limited, for example, with acute insulin therapy for hyperglycemia. Regardless of the cause, hypokalemia produces similar signs and symptoms. Because potassium is overwhelmingly an intracellular cation and because a variety of factors can regulate the actual serum potassium concentration, an individual can incur very substantial potassium losses without exhibiting frank hypokalemia. Conversely, hypokalemia does not always reflect a true deficit in total body potassium stores. Variance from wellness| Nursing intervention| Reconstitution| Weak extremitiesSubjective cues: â€Å"dili nako malihok ako mga tiil† as verbalized by the client.Objective cues: * Client lying on bed * Foot plantar flexed. * Weak muscle strength and low muscle tone on extremities.Difficulty in breathingSubjective cues: â€Å" usahay mag lisod ko ug ginhawa† as verbalized by the clientObjective cues: * Enlarged chest cavity. * Use of accessory muscles in breathing * Fast deep breaths * Presence of nasal prongs at the bedside.Risks for muscle atrophy and foot droppingSubjective cues: mura ug ning gamay akong mga bati-is† as verbalized by the client.Objective cues: * Client is lying on bed * Foot plantar flexed * Immobility of the lower extremities * No presence of foot board * No ROM exercises done.| * Promote ROM exercises to prevent muscle atrophy on the affected limb * Provide foot board to support the foot and avoid plantarflexion which causes foot drop. * Encourage the client to eat a balanced diet paired with bananas for potassium replacement * Administer medications as prescribed * Monitor the client for any complications * Position the client on semi-fowlers position. * Instruct client to do abdominal breathing or pursed lip breathing. * Monitor for signs of hypoxia * Administer oxygen prn as prescribed. * Promote ROM exercises. * Provide foot board. * Encourage the S.O. to do sponge bathing to promote circulation. * Encourage the client to move the and exercise the toes of the feet.| Goal: demonstrated techniques and lifestyle changes to meet physiologic needs.Reconstitution: lines of resistance building.Goal: promoted techniques and exercises to meet physiologic needsReconstitution: lines of resistance buildingGoal: promoted techniques and exercises to prevent the occurrence of physiologic problemsReconstitution: lines of resistance building and strengthening the flexible lines of defense. Response of the client on the Interventions Provided The client was able to see through herself on identifying and prioritizing the problems through based on her judgment and of the researcher’s appraisal of her identified stressor the client was able to recuperate in the treatment, the client was able to come up with solutions on the problems that were most attainable and most important to her which is attaining the optimum level of functioning. The client was able to gain a boosted self-esteem and a positive outlook in life, reconstitution of her lines of defense and strengthening each lines is in progress, through positive feedback the client was able to see through it all that the physiological body is not just the only factor in healing but it should comprise the mind, the spirit, the society, and development to achieve a wholistic and faster recovery from illness. Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusions The Neuman Systems Model was effective, efficient in providing a wholistic nursing care to the client with hypokalemia. The assessment made was thorough and was based on the what the client and the care provider perceives thereby giving a collaborative and specific hint as to what the problem is wherein effective solutions can be brought up. Though the system is quite complicated and challenging at some times, it just needs practice in implementing the model to be able to familiarize it. The research concluded that the Neuman Systems Model is an effective tool which can enhance the nurses critical and analytical thinking by the data gathered based on the client’s initial response and the nurses judgment thereby minimizing the occurrence of an error in identifying problems and providing nursing care. Recommendations Based on the findings, observations and the conclusion utilizing the Neuman Systems Model is effective and wholistic enough in the approach of a client with hypokalemia. The following are the researchers suggestions and recommendations 1 nurse practitioners should do a thorough assessment on their clients not only by identifying the main problems but also by assessing the person as a whole it could be done through the use of the Neuman Systems assessment and evaluation tool. 2 Interventions differ from client to client others may vary but there is no such thing as a uniformed intervention thereby it is necessary for the nurse to assess for the needs of the client. Bibliography Burns and Grove (2003) Understanding Nursing research 3rd edition W. B. Saunders, Elsevier Company Fawcett, Jacqueline (1995) Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing 3rd ed. F.A. Davis Company Frisch N., Frisch L. (2006) Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 3rd ed. Thomson Delmar Learning Company Karch, Amy (2008) Lippincotts Nursing Drug Guide: Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams Wilkins Company Medical-Surgical Nursing Made Incredible Easy (2004). Lippincott Williams Wilkins Company Springhouse Neuman, Betty and Fawcett, Jacqueline 2002 The Neuman Systems Model 4th edition Prentice Hall Company

Personal Privacy in a Technologically Public World :: Technology Human Rights Essays

Personal Privacy in a Technologically Public World "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks."1 So states Article 12 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, enacted in 1948 after 20 years of debate and refinement among member nations. Furthermore, the United Nations Commissioner on Human Rights in 1988 made clear that human rights protections on the secrecy of communications broadly covers all forms of communications: "Compliance with Article 17 requires that the integrity and confidentiality of correspondence should be guaranteed de jure and de facto. Correspondence should be delivered to the addressee without interception and without being opened or otherwise read. Surveillance, whether electronic or otherwise, interceptions of telephonic, telegraphic and other forms of communication, wire-tapping and recording of conversations should be prohibited."2 The degree of privacy protection may differ among cultures and countries, and correspondence may encompass anything from a casual conversation among family members to extensive use of advanced telecommunications devices, but the principle remains the same: at a fundamental level, all human beings have a right to lawfully go about their ordinary business without interference or surveillance. Governments wishing to avoid United Nations sanctions may not make laws abridging these basic rights, and furthermore, must make it unlawful for other entities to do so as well. As the product of an international organization, the Declaration of Human Rights makes a strong case for a universal set of basic rights that follow from innate characteristics shared by all humans, in particular our sense of our own individual identities, and our ability to make choices based on intelligent reflection as opposed to instinctive reaction. In short, the Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the concept o f "personhood", and supports the right of each person to a private personal life. This paper addresses some of the issues surrounding the growing use of technology in our everyday lives, and it's impact on personal privacy, particularly in the United States. What kind of information might we consider private? Is it our driver's license number, social security number, Master Card and Visa numbers and ATM pin? Is it our mother's maiden name, our grades in high school, our educational history, work history and volunteer activities?

Fate decides how you are born Essay

As with all Shakespearean tragedies, King Lear, lays bare all the possible permutations and combinations in human relationships. It is not uncommon to hear modern writers to lament the fact that Shakespeare has not left untouched any aspect of human interaction. The sub plot of Gloucester and his two sons, the legitimate Edgar and the bastard son Edmund is a curious complement to Lear’s own follies of trusting the outwardly affectionate and as a consequence alienating the sincerely loving child. The lesson of human nature this sub plot provides is about knowing when the bitterness towards an accident beyond your control takes primacy of purpose in your life. Edmund let his illegitimate status drive him to indulge in all villainous acts only to further the depravity of his soul. You might not be able to help certain circumstances that stigmatize your existence but the best way out of it is to lead a life of virtue and not resorting to illegitimate acts to get back at the world and the society that condemns you for no fault of yours. The essential difference between Lear and Gloucester is the motivation of the usurpers of their kingdoms. In the case of Lear, they are just greed and ambition. It is not quite that simple with Gloucester. He does love his illegitimate son Edmund and acknowledges his status as the young man’s father openly and publicly. But, every kind word and every single attempt at showing Edmund that he is loved by his biological father translates into a sting aimed at the circumstances of his birth. His entire personality is defined by the antipathy that kindness evokes in him. Through Edmund’s characterization, Shakespeare shows the readers that the stigma that affects any person and changes his personality traits need not necessarily be external. The stigma attached to any person tends to color his judgment, his motivation and actions for all his life and he continues to see the world and its actions through the refracted light of his yearning for legitimacy. Though it might be known to Edmund that whatever he achieves, legitimacy is one thing he shall never achieve as his status is indelible for all future. This drives him to a state where he wants to snatch things from his half brother, usurp his father’s crown and also help others in similar quests. One thing he fails to cultivate in all his life is a relationship based on trust. He can trust nobody and become trustworthy to no body in return. Failure to accept one’s station in life can be a great factor that evaporates any kindness and nobility from the soul which is what happens in the case of Edmund. The paradox of a mind consumed with one single purpose – retribution- aimed at world at large is brought forward elegantly in the soliloquy of Edmund before he sets up on his decided path of deceit. He wonders why he is not worthy in the world’s eyes and laments the fact that he can never be accorded the tag of legitimacy. EDMUND â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Why brand they us With base? with baseness? bastardy? base, base? †(1. 2. 11-12) But he fails to recognize the veil he is allowing to grow in his soul as he proclaims â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Edmund the base Shall top the legitimate. I grow; I prosper: Now, gods, stand up for bastards! †(1. 2. 20-22) Such evil intentions are enough to provide proof to Edmund that his mind is playing games with him and making him the slave of his deep rooted stigma of irregular birth and his yearning for legitimacy. But he fails to see them or perhaps, he wants to fail to see them. In the same context, Shakespeare also tries to invoke the belief held by man that stars and celestial events have a bearing on the behavior and relationships of man. GLOUCESTER â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦yet nature finds itself scourged by the sequent effects: love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide: in cities, mutinies; in countries, discord; in palaces, treason; and the bond cracked ‘twixt son and father. This villain of mine comes under the prediction;†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †(1. 2. 101-108) It is an attempt by a father to hang on to his last vestige of love for his son by claiming that un natural or non-regular celestial events like eclipses had something to do with his son turning against him. In private, Edmund completely rubbishes any such possibility and laughs at the weakness of his father for attributing his misfortunes to stars and nature. In support of his argument he says that his nature would have remained the same even if he had been fathered under the auspices of the luckiest celestial combination EDMUND â€Å"when we are sick in fortune,–often the surfeit of our own behavior,–we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and the stars:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ (1. 2. 118-120) â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Tut, I should have been that I am, had the maidenliest star in the firmament twinkled on my bastardizing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 2. 132-134) The treachery of Edmund and his subsequent blinding at the hands of Cornwall, alienation from his son Edgar all lead to a decidedly defeatist philosophical outlook in Gloucester and he tries to explain his misfortune by saying that Gods inflict pain and suffering on humans for fun and as a pastime. He laments GLOUCESTER â€Å"As flies to wanton boys, are we to the gods. They kill us for their sport. † â€Å"(4. 1. 37-38) He then decides to take his and asks the mad man (his son Edgar in disguise) to lead him to a cliff and let him jump from the heights to give up his life. Edgar cleverly takes him to a flat bit of land and pretends that he has let him jump, then quickly changes the way he speaks to make Gloucester believe that he has survived a fall from a great cliff because he was led by some angel posing as the mad man. Though far younger in age and having endured infamy and difficulties galore, Edgar had wisdom beyond his years and whenever his father falls prey to despair, he helps him out of it by explaining the meaning of life’s journey. When Gloucester decides that he shall go no further and shall prefer rotting in the same place, Edgar tells him that man’s duty is to endure and the journey can not be cut short for despair. Ageing, losing one faculties, suffering reversals are all part of life and shall not impede the journey. The success of a life well lived lies in the times that one has fallen and in spite of his fall, has managed to stand, dust himself off and started moving forward again, with hope in his heart that good shall overcome evil. It is well captured in Edgar’s entreaty to his father EDGAR â€Å"What, in ill thoughts again? Men must endure Their going hence, even as their coming hither; Ripeness is all: come on. † (5. 2. 9-11) After several trials and tribulations Edgar finally accosts his half brother Edmund when he is invited for a duel and vanquishes him without identifying himself. When there are questions all around about the accusations he hurled at Edmund – as the chief perpetrator of cruelty and brutality against his own father Gloucester – Edgar finally reveals that he is the originally noble blooded son of Gloucester and he explains the difficulties he had to endure and the compulsion of his to act like an almost naked mad man, the attempted suicide of his father Gloucester and how he managed to save him with most implausible of stories. In the midst of all this exchange one more facet of Edmund’s villainous treachery bears its evil fruit. EDMUND â€Å"Yet Edmund was beloved: The one the other poison’d for my sake, And after slew herself. † (5. 3. 272-274) Edmund managed to manipulate even the love of two married ladies for him and this ends in tragedy when Goneril poisons Albany and subsequently kills herself. Misery and tragedy is what results in every venture that Edmund starts out on because his heart is so corrupted with wanton revenge and retribution but it is directed not at any person but at the circumstances of his birth and his burning desire to camouflage it with a magnitude of achievements that border on fantasy. As he senses the end of his life, Edmund suffers a conscience attack and wants to do some good. He finally realizes that ambition coupled with treachery ca take one only thus far and no further. Nobility of soul and purpose always manages to carry the day and it is evident from the fall from grace and favor of Edmund all so suddenly in the last act of this tragic play. Just before he is challenged to a duel by his half brother Edgar, he issues an order to kill Cordelia and King Lear. He also plans to pass it off as an apparent suicide. When he finally sees the mayhem he has created and the result of his treachery leading to two sisters dying, one by poison and other by her own hand, his conscience beseeches him to do at least one good deed before he is dead. He entreats the gathering to send some one to stop King Lear and Cordelia being killed as per his orders. EDMUND â€Å"I pant for life: some good I mean to do, Despite of mine own nature. Quickly send, Be brief in it, to the castle; for my writ Is on the life of Lear and on Cordelia: Nay, send in time. †(5. 3. 276-280) The sub plot of Gloucester launches the main villainy of Edmund on to the main stage of the play and holds his evil nature central to all misfortunes, well helped by the human infirmities of King Lear’s two daughters. But it also cleverly counters the numerous noble characters of the play – Albany, Kent, Edgar- and the like. Evil wins several battles but ultimately loses the War. Good suffers several trials by fire but manages to hold its own at the end. Two kings who let flattery and suspicion take over their better judgments suffer the moist implausible of consequences and in this, Shakespeare leaves a lot of lessons for all future generations. He almost seems to list out some commandments about human nature 1. Thou shalt not fall prey to flattery – King Lear 2. Thou shalt not allow suspicion to encroach your judgment but shall seek out complete facts – Gloucester 3. Thou shalt not let bitterness pervade your soul, in acting with bitterness you invite bitter ends – Edmund Apart from all these, Shakespeare seems to ask us to evaluate at every step if our intentions and actions have the desired effect on the people who are affected by it. If you love, let not the love patronize or smother the loved ones. And as one learned professor confessed to a student conversationally â€Å"When in doubt about how to go about life, read Shakespeare. You might very well find the answer you need†

How did America change after the War of 1812? Essay

Change occurs in every time period. Today Americans work and communicate faster through home computers and cell phones than they did thirty years earlier. Change also occurred early in the nineteenth century. After General Andrew Jackson led the United States victory at New Orleans, nationalism increased and Americans looked forward with confidence to a future filled with changes. They would not be disappointed. The years after the War of 1812 produced great economic and political changes. The economic changes of the years following the War of 1812 varied from new innovations to government policies. Eli Whitney’s greatest inventions, the cotton gin and system of interchangeable parts, both helped spur the growing American economy and industrial revolution. The cotton gin improved the output of workers by a thousand percent and in ten years, the production of cotton in the country rose from 5 million pounds to 63 million pounds, thus making the South the leading cotton producer, shipping it to Britain and New England. Unfortunately, the cotton gin also caused a higher demand for slave labor, and by 1860, approximately 33% of Southerners were slaves. The system of interchangeable parts introduced Americans to mass production. When Eli Whitney took the government order of 10,000 muskets, he showed that the majority of goods could be mass-produced. Both the cotton gin and mass production method would revolutionize the United States. In addition, tariffs helped protect American trade. The British stored goods during the war and flooded them on America when peace was achieved. To combat the inundation of imports, the national government issued a tariff to encourage people to buy American products and stimulate the growth of the economy. Moreover, the tariff assisted in rebuilding the federal treasury. After a growth in trade, the Panic of 1819, the country’s first major economic setback, hit. Europeans demanded American grain, meat, tobacco and cotton; farm products and land prices soared as farmers rushed to increase production. State banks would make loans to anyone who needed money to buy land or farm equipment. Afterwards, the country began to fall into depression as Europeans began to buy less expensive cotton from India and bumper crops. Crop prices and land prices collapsed; land values in Pennsylvania dropped from $150 an acre to $35 in four years. Unemployment increased with 50,000 people unemployed or erratically employed in New York,  Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Furthermore, state banks failed, and the federal bank foreclosed mortgages on homes, farms and shops. Perhaps John Calhoun would be able to describe it best: â€Å"There has been within these two years an immense revolution of fortunes in every part of the Union; enormous numbers of persons utterly ruined; multitudes in deep distress.† It is obvious that economic changes were ubiquitous during the time period after the War of 1812. During the time after the war, political changes influenced society significantly. Different issues like the Missouri dispute and the Tariff of 1816 led to sectionalism, dividing the nation. Slavery had been legal in the Missouri territory under French and Spanish rule, but the North and South disagreed on whether it should have been a slave state. The compromise was to permit slavery in Missouri, create Maine as a free state, and leave future states north of 36 °30†² N latitude as free states. Jefferson felt the debate was ominous: â€Å"†¦the momentous question, like a firebell in the night†¦a bell signaling death of the Union†¦this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence.† Also, the tariff was supported by the West and North and opposed by the South. Next, Monroe’s foreign policy changed how other countries saw the United States considerably. The country had always tried to remain neutral before – impressment and the seizing of ships wer e allowed. The Monroe Doctrine dictated that Latin America and the Pacific coast of the Americas needed to be left alone by Europeans and Russians. Monroe said that the American continents â€Å"†¦are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.† This policy succeeded since it met both British and American interests and was enforced by the British fleet for the next hundred years. Next, the Adams-Onis Treaty helped the country gain Florida and set the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, as well as renouncing any claim of the United States to Texas. This was another addition to the ever-expanding country. Lastly, an entirely new political party system developed. The Federalists ceased to exist as a national organization after the 1816 election, and two new party alignments formed: the National Republicans, who supported the federal government and national bank and were from the higher class, and the Democrats, who supported individual states, were against the  national bank, and came from the working class. As one can see, there was an abundance of political chan ges after the War of 1812. The War of 1812 greatly affected the United States economy and political system. The years following the war were full of economic ups-and-downs. For example, the cotton gin boosted the cotton industry and southern economy. Although the tariffs of 1816 and 1828 were supposed to protect trade, they proved ineffective. The Panic of 1819 occurred when the European trade bubble burst. On the other hand, the nation’s government underwent various changes. Sectionalism split the nation into the North and the South, and the Missouri Compromise proved to be only a temporary resolution to the slavery debate. The Monroe Doctrine helped the country gain respect, and the end of the Federalists altered the political party system. Although the War of 1812 didn’t have any great impact on the country directly after the war, America experienced numerous changes the years following the war.

Equitable learning opportunities for children with disabilities

Equitable learning opportunities for children with disabilities Rochelle Standing 1081780For many years researchers have studied families of children with disabilities attempting to cast light on the important aspects and the complexities of providing equitable learning opportunities in education including the benefits and characteristics of working together in partnerships with parents and wh„ nau in terms their child's care and education. Collaborative parental partnerships are certainly not a new concept by any means however for parents of children with special needs it has presented a different set of challenges and perspectives which have many implications for educators. For the purpose of this paper I will explore what some of these are and discuss how they link with the role of the educator.Historically, Aotearoa/New Zealand has had a long history of acknowledging the involvement of families, particularly at the early childhood and elementary level, however it was not until the introduction of Tomorrow Schools (1989) and the Educati on Act (1989), that the emphasis of parental involvement in schools changed from a largely supportive role to one that was intended as a partnership (T.Caulcutt; personal communication; 15 July 2010; Harvard Family Research Project, 2006; Rodd, 2006; Wylie, 1999). According to O'Brien Ryba (2000) this was further exemplified with the introduction 'Special Education' policy in 1996. With an overall aim of providing learning opportunities of equal quality for all children the special education policy promotes the partnership between families, wh„ nau and education providers as being essential to the educational success of children with special needs (Wylie, 1999).The concept of parental partnership is something that has being discussed by researchers for some time however the common key elements that are suggested to reflect authentic partnerships are genuine power sharing, involvement and inclusion in all areas of the decision making process, and responsive, reciprocal and re spectful relationships...

Ethical Treatment of Animals Essay Sample

Ethical Treatment of Animals Essay Sample Ethical Treatment of Animals Essay Animals are literally the humanity’s best friend because it is the closest being that is able to establish a relationship with their human counterparts. This is because animals provide comfort with their affection and presence whenever they are with their human counterparts. Most households around the world have a pet as a companion inside their households. There are individuals who are glad to have their animal counterparts because they believe that animals should be treated with respect and dignity while living with their human masters at home. The only problem is when humans become violent towards animals that occur at home, in the community, or in the wild. This means that humans are also responsible for causing life expectancy disruption with animals anywhere in the world. One major issue about animals is the threat of their ecosystem because humans are now competing with their settlements against the natural habitat of animals. Increasing number of housing facilities has been responsible for depleting natural resources that should have been applied for animals. In this case, the number of animal population in the wild has been decreasing over time. This is brought about by the hazards of building construction facilities across communities that are populated with wild animals. When there are new housing facilities that are established, humans often exterminate all animals that they see in the wild to pave way for the creation of new houses that are essential to improve their housing units. The only problem is that displacement toward animals causes a competition with the territories in the wild as well as depleting their food supply due to growing number of settlements across the area. In a household, humans who are suffering from emotional disabilities are likely to cause violent impact towards their household pets. At some times, pet owners do not regularly feed their pets, which is an offensive remark against the welfare of animals that should be treated with respect in their own households. As a result, pets become aggressive towards other individuals that usually cause attacks such as bites that are sometimes infectious. Training animals for a variety show are also a sign of animal cruelty, violating the essentials of animal treatment ethics. It may seem to appear entertaining, but animals are forced to do things through force, making them uncomfortable. Their body usually becomes exhausted after being forced repeatedly to accomplish certain tasks that should not have been applied to them in a fair manner. Laboratory experimentation for animals is also an indication that there is an animal rights violation. Ethical treatment of animals is usually violated when companies use animals for their experimentation of their products. One example is the cosmetics companies that use animal experimentation to determine if it is safe for humans. In some zoo around the world, animals are often underfed and physically harassed by zookeepers to keep animals from becoming aggressive. From this position, animals have been treated unfairly in the modern society due to the competitive advantage of humans to improve their lifestyle while segregating animals as the lowest form of being in the world. This is because humans are the supreme organisms on the planet, having the ability to think, feel, and act together to accomplish one specific goal such as to rule the world and make a difference to the whole civilization (Evans, 2015). Reference Evans, Woody  (2015).  Posthuman Rights: Dimensions of Transhuman Worlds.  Teknokultura. Universidad Completeness’, Madrid.

Assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Assigment - Assignment Example The salary review team will work based on the labor laws of the country. This team will be able to evaluate whether these claims form the nurses are substantial (Snow, 2008). The roles of the salary review team would also include a consideration of nurses who require salary increase. This would be in accordance with their job description and their performance while working at the health center. The review team would also analyze the previous performance appraisals in an effort to analyze the level of performance and skills exhibited by the nurses. After the review by the team, it would define new compensation packages for all the employees. This is because different nurses have a diverse range of skills and qualifications. Therefore, increase in salaries depends on the level of each nurse. In addition, I would organize motivation and empowerment programs that would help nurses appreciate the nobility of their profession (p. 5). The program would serve as a forum for helping them realize that the value of their work in providing health care is more important than the compensation

Technology Management Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology Management Blog - Essay Example The book, Service Strategy explained that "in simplest sense, it [ROI] is the net profit of an investment divided by the net worth of the assets invested," and that "the resulting percentage is applied to either additional top-line revenue or the elimination of bottom-line cost." (TSO 2007, p. 112) It is easy, hence, to understand how in service management, ROI came to be considered as a benchmark to determine the ability of an organization to use assets in order to generate more value. For example, when financial managers develop and introduce a service to the market, there is no telling whether it can provide financial returns to the investment. Using ROI, however, the management can predict, examine and analyze product/service performance not just after service delivery but also early in the process, such as during the planning stage. What this means is that financial managers can either integrate value-added services or improve on existing ones depending on the stage of a given p roject or strategy. The above point is significant because service strategy is all about analyzing trends, looking at whether strategies, policy and standards introduced achieve their goal or are viable. (VHP 2007, p. 199) ROI can be crucial in several techniques to analyze trends and performance such as the Component Failure Impact Analysis, Fault Tree Analysis, Service Failure Analysis and so forth. Finally, ROI also plays an important part in identifying opportunities. This is demonstrated in the capacity management technique, which analyzes when which customer uses what services, how they use them and how this influences the performance of one or more systems or components. (VHP, p. 199) ROI enables managers to measure whether a product or service meet a specific or numerical criterion. A problem with the way ROI is used in financial management and in service strategy phase, particularly, is when ROI calculations are focused

How Jack Welch Transforms Businesses Successfully Research Paper

How Jack Welch Transforms Businesses Successfully - Research Paper Example With his leadership qualities, Jack Welch gained the fame of being the youngest CEO in the history of GE in 1981. Contextually, his continuous efforts, as well as a decent leadership quality, played a major role in guiding GE into one of the most admired organizations valued for approximately $500 billion being recognized as one of the sustainable brands across the globe (Bartlett & Wozny, 2005).   Leadership Quality Possessed by Jack Welch Owing to the continuously increasing significance of leadership within an organizational context, it has emerged as one of the major considerations of a business growth and sustainability. It is believed in this regard that an effective leadership quality can significantly boost the performance of each individual towards the determined organizational objectives facilitating shared values and common principles as well as interests. On the contrary, it is often argued that the absence of effective leadership skills among the decision makers of any organization can lead to a dramatic decline of its overall performances in the long-run (Doh & Stumph, 2005). With this concern, the leadership skills of Jack Welch can be identified with due consideration towards the then external environment of GE witnessing various challenging tasks fundamentally owing to the changing scenario of the global market. According to the prevailing conditions of GE, it is also regarded as one of the leading brands and sustainable organizations with a leading position among the top 10 brands across the different regions of the world. Notably, the majority of the achievements attained by GE was during the later period of Jack Welch’s leadership which certainly fuels up the arguments emphasizing on the contribution made by him as a CEO towards the organizational accomplishments (Dulberg, Paschen, Sprindis & Stawski, n.d.). For instance, during his tenure, GE was able to attain the benefits of rapidly increasing revenues offering greater value to i ts shareholders compared to other business leaders across the global market. Stating precisely, the net worth of market capitalization of GE witnessed a steep increase from USD 12000 million during the year of 1981 (the year when Jack Welch was promoted as the CEO) to USD 500,000 million in the year 2001(when Jack Welch retired from his CEO position). A few of the strategies which Jack Welch had been considering during his tenure in GE, accounted the realignment of the business goals as well as the reduction of the motivational gaps existing within the higher level management and the other hierarchies of the organizational structure. He also played a major role in motivating his managers to extend their productivity and innovation capabilities to previously unknown levels gaining better competitive advantages over its international competitors. The leadership skills of Jack Welch were highly focused on enhancing the efficiency of the operational decision-making process by revitalizi ng the communication process engaging every individual within the organization.

India and imperialism: A developing country

India and imperialism: A developing country India is still a developing country because of imperialism. India was imperialized by British in the late 1700s and the early 1800s till 1947 until it gained independence or communism. The British started expanding with the help of the British East India Company. The British expanded their rule over India. India at that time was one the richest countries in the world. They were rich because they had the most expensive diamond in the World, Kohinoor Diamond, at that time India had very less poverty and little corruption as well. The British took the Kohinoor Diamond, and have it now in a museum in United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is developed because of our (Indians) diamond and not because of their own efforts. After the British rulers were force to leave India in the year 1947, India became a country among countries with the highest poverty and corruption. India was considered well developed before the British expanded their rule. However from 1947, till today it is considered dev eloping. Also, the British leaders led to a separation of a major sector of India, Pakistan. India and Pakistan were separated because of the British. The British not only separated India and Pakistan, it separated many parts of India from India. A good example of this is Jammu and Kashmir. Till today India and Pakistan are in a state of a cold war to decide that which part does Jammu and Kashmir belong to. The people from Jammu and Kashmir are tired of the war between India and Pakistan and want to be known as an independent country. The British separated thousands of Indians from each other. The British broke India from one large country to a large number of small countries. India is still a developing country because of Imperialism and this has an impact on me. I am actually from Sind, which now is a part of Pakistan. After the separation of India and Pakistan, I do not know whether I am an Indian of Pakistani. I just know I am a Sindhi. However, now I have become a part of India. Earlier I was considered to be a Pakistani Indian and now I am considered as a Hindu Indian. The British Imperialism has an indirect impact on me. The British imperialism increased poverty and corruption in my country and until these two factors are reduced or eliminated, India will not be developed. My families back in home town know exactly what the poverty is, and when I go back to India it is difficult for me to face them. The British has made it difficult for me to face my own family members. It is difficult to decide whether the British had thought that there imperialism would affect India for so long. The result of the British imperialism, after they left was that my fa mily shifted to Dubai, they thought staying in India would be difficult. Staying in my own country is difficult? Why? How is it my country if I cannot stay in it? These are some unanswered questions left for me to find answers for, and these questions have been raised only because of the existence of the British Empire in India. Whenever I go to India, looking at the people craving for money for food and water is so difficult, that sometimes I do not want to go back to my own country. The country which any human belongs to is usually the first choice a person wants to spend vacations at. But some Indians like me staying in Dubai, do not want to go back to our own country because it is difficult to face the people out there. The Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi she gives reasons for Iran being a developing country because of imperialism. In the story Marjane a citizen of Iran which was under the imperialism of the Shahs and the Islamic republic represents the thousands of other citizens of Iran. The Iranian Revolution has led to the deaths of thousands of people. In the story, Marjane had to leave her own country, her own parents because she had no freedom of life. Marjane represents many Iranians who had to leave their own country because they wanted to live their lives themselves and not on the orders of others. Marjane was separated from her parents at a very young age to complete education. Usually, many students leave their parents by choice for higher education (University), while Marjane had to leave her parents by force for school. The Iranian revolution keeps Iran a developing country. A country is considered developed only if they have a maintained GDP, a developed infrastructure, and low unemplo yment levels. Iran lacks these qualities to an extent because of imperialism and hence still considered a developing country. As Marjane by the end of the Movie leaves her own country again because of imperialism, she shows that her own country could be considered hers due to the Iranian Revolution. The rules over there changed after Saddam overtook Iran. One of the most important rules that affected women and Marjane was, The veil is synonymous of freedom; a worthy woman must cover herself from the eyes of a man (Satrapi). This symbolizes many rules imposed on the Iranians which they did not want to agree to. However they had no freedom of choice. These things show how Iran is still under a developed country as a victim of imperialism. Both Iran and India are developing countries because of imperialism and affect the lives of many human beings including me. My father came to Dubai because my grandfather thought it is safe for him to study here rather than in India (his own country) because of British Imperialism, exactly how Marjane had to leave to Paris, for studies due to Iranian revolution. Going back to India for me is sometimes difficult because I cannot face those relatives of mine who lost their family members during the British Revolution. Exactly like by the end of the movie: The one day, the time to leave had come (Satrapi), Marjane leaves to France; similar to my dad leaving for Dubai from India and hence I am an Indian living in Dubai. The impact of imperialism might not be intentional by British but it has affected me similar to the impact of imperialism by Shah and Saddam on Iran. My father came to Dubai, though it was not his choice. I do not know what my life would have been if I had been grown up i n India. I sometimes do not feel like an Indian, because the problems faced by Indians living in India are comparatively more than the problems faced by them and hence I do not find myself to be capable of living in India. India is still a developing country and it is a fact which is difficult for me to face, while the Indians in India have accepted this fact and therefore are capable of living in India. When I go to India for vacations it is difficult for me to see people on the road, because of poverty. Here in Dubai when I hear about the corrupted ministers I feel angry and cannot do anything about it. As India is a developing country, Iran as shown in the movie Persepolis is also a developing country because of imperialism. Imperialism affects many people indirectly. Many people including me know the effects of imperialism, and the biggest drawback of imperialism is that it the imperialized country a lot of time and a much higher effort to develop. Both Marjane and I know the effects of imperialism. The only difference is that Marjane has expressed it through Persepolis and I through this essay. Work Cited: Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis (2007) IMDb. The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Web. 17 Dec. 2010. . Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for power and peace Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for power and peace In 1948 a German called Hans J Morgenthau wrote a book called, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for power and peace. This was book was to become the bedrock of American foreign policy for much of the cold war years (1945-1991). Morgenthau was also very critical of American foreign policy, especially the war in Vietnam and viewed it as very simplistic, The statesman must think in terms of the national interest conceived as power among other powers. The popular mind, unaware of the fine distractions of the statesmans thinking, reasons more often than not in the simple moralistic and legalistic terms of absolute good and evil. (Morgenthau, 1978, p13). Morgenthau died in 1980, a supporter of his ideas called John J Mearsheimer has stated that, he would have regarded the neo-conservatives adventure in Iraq as equally flawed. (Mearsheimer, 2005). Mearsheimer also goes on to say that, almost all realists in the US- except Henry Kissinger- opposed the war in Iraq. (Mearsheimer, 2005). Th is highlights that most of the realists are collectively combined in their idea of thought. Realist influence in US foreign policy really started to take hold during the presidencies of John F Kennedy and Lyndon B Johnston and peaked during the Vietnam War. The main idea of the Vietnam War was to contain and defeat the communist threat in South East Asia, this very similar to George W. Bush Jnrs idea of containing and defeating terrorism in Iraq and stopping the spread of weapons of mass destruction. By the end of both wars the neoconservative and realist paradigms were in peaces due to the disastrous outcomes. Hans J Morgenthau identified six key principles of a Realist foreign policy in his book Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. (Morgenthau, 1978,4- p15). 1) Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. This means that realists try and make a paradigm that can be split between the truth and opinion we can emphasise with politicians and say what course of action they should take. 2) Interest is defined in terms of power. This is the primary function of politics. Countries have interests in many parts of the world. We do not ask what motivates a country in terms of foreign politics, we question how politicians go about achieving those interests. All countries are different and so some will behave differently to others, they might be predictable or unpredictable. Morgenthau argues in his book that predictable foreign policy can be good because it lessens risks taken and broadens the benefits of policies because that is politically successful. 3) Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid but whose meaning can change. Morgenthau has described power as strength to rule people and keep control of that strength. 4) Universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states in the abstract; the circumstances of time of time and place must be considered. The states continuation is the primary objective of any government. Any other course of politics will be judged by the actions taken. 5) The moral laws that govern the universe are distinct for the moral of anyone nation 6) The difference between political realism and other schools is real and profound. Realism is reliant on human nature. A man who only has one objective is dangerous because that is what he strives to achieve. But to further develop realism as a theory this man must not be included into other aspects of realism as a theory. The Chapters in this dissertation discuss these six principles and in the conclusion each principle will be analysed and summarised to give an evaluation of the foreign policy theory, portraying ways how a realist foreign policy approach is and is not a suitable way to determine foreign policy. Chapter One- How can realism be defined Realism uses the state as the primary actor in world politics. Its main achievement is that since the purpose of the state is national survival in a hostile environment the acquisition of power is the proper, rational and inevitable goal of foreign policy. Thus foreign politics can be defined as a struggle between power maximising states in a chaotic environment. Hence realism is sometimes referred to as the power politics school of thought. Although this policy does not offer adequate explanations for US foreign policy towards rogue states, states whose behaviour has the potential to alter external security environment in a negative way for the US. As James Feron argues the theory cant explain why, a state chooses bad or foolish foreign policies. (Feron, 1998, p291) These theories do not tell us why the US does not balance against some threats. Concepts of self -help and sovereignty become integral parts of the realist view of global affairs. Since all states seek to maximise power in such a lawless world, realism emphasises the prevalent nature of conflict and competition in world politics. This in turn validates the acquisition of military capabilities by states, sufficient at least to deter attacks in a dangerous and uncertain world. Acceptance of the constant risk of conflict does not mean that the threat of conflict should go unchecked, since this would threaten the whole concept of the state. A technique utilised by realists in managing conflicts is through the balance of power. For example this can be seen throughout the cold war with the build-up of arms and the desire to build a bigger military capability to ensure that the balance of power was held between the USA USSR. This case illustrates that power and the role power has is a major influence in international politics. This underlines the realist paradigm that international relations is based upon a hierarchy, of which it is based on power capabilities, where the principle of equality between states is non-existent since states vary in their abilities to project power. Weaker states are usually taken advantage of by stronger states. An example of this can be seen with US political and economic embargo and sanctions placed on Cuba since 1959, this the best example of a long term attempt at trying to bring about political change in a country. Chapter Two- Poltics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature Morgenthaus first principle indicated that politics is governed by the rule of law and that this can be found in human nature. Realists argue that the rule of politics must make a clear cut choice between the fact and fiction that has to be supported by reasonable debate and evidence and it must not corrupt itself by the objective desires of politicians. An example for this can be found in the US decision to go to war with Iraq in 2003. The Bush administration clearly corrupted itself in looking for evidence and reasons to invade Iraq, and in doing so produced false reasons and intelligence to support their theory that Iraq was harbouring terrorists and manufacturing weapons of mass destruction. This idea is supported by Dr David Kays in his testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee. Dr Kay stated We have not found at this point actual weapons, David Kays report to Congress went further to say, It does not mean weve concluded there are no actual weapons. (Kay 2004). In Bushs c ase for starting the war against Iraq realists would say that Bush failed to split the truth from opinion and therefore he gave a misleading reason for going to war. The war in Iraq, Bush had hoped for would be the domino theory that the Vietnam War was suppose to be. According to Mearsheimer Bush had hoped that by installing democracy in Iraq it would lead on to other nations having revolutions that would eventually implement a democratic government. This can be seen as going against Morgenthaus first principle But on the other hand we can see evidence of Morgenthaus teachings as a justification for the war in Iraq. Morgenthaus first principle of, Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. (Morgenthau, 1978, p4-15). This can be highlighted in foreign politics with states trying to compete against one another to be a global dominator this, objective law has its place in human nature. The USA has assumed its current position as global supper power since 1991 after the disintegration of the USSR. The attacks on the trade centres on 9th September 2001 marked a turning point in the way the USA thought it could wield its power. The USA felt as if its position as a leading super power was under attack and tried to regain its statue and position with the invasion of Iraq in 2003. But Morgenthau does not count on emotions to used as a reason to go to war which was used under the guise of the protecting innocent people from Saddams weapon of mass destruction threat. Morgenthau was enthusiastic to apply human nature and objective laws to his six principles. He used them to express his direct opposition to the war in Vietnam and how the US war there could not defended. He also highlights that the US government was, manipulating the public mind: by avoiding inconvenient facts, by disseminating misinformation under the guise of educating the public, by convening public meetings with a pro-war policy program, by enlisting speakers who share the freedom house agenda in consequence by making dissent unpopular and by suggesting the dissenters are unpatriotic. (Zimmer, 2011, p304). This can be seen in Morgenthaus first principle as it shows that politicians failure to split the truth and opinion can lead to a manipulation of action taken by those that are in charge and by the way they try to hold on to power. Leo Strauss, a neo conservative, seems to compliment Morgenthau on the way that human nature can effect decisions Strauss has indicated in his work that politicians tell noble lies to help society come to terms with the action there state is about to take. Strauss believed it was for politicians to assert powerful and inspiring myths everyone could believe in. They might not be true, but they were necessary illusions. One of these was religion and the order was the myth of the nation of America that was the idea that the country had a unique destiny to battle against the forces of evil throughout the world. (Curtis,2004) Chapter Three- Interest is defined in terms of power An ancient Greek philosopher called Thuydides is quoted as saying, the do what they have to do and the weak accept what they have to accept. (Strassler, 2008, p32). This can be highlighted in Morgenthaus second principle. Thuydides teaching can be a primary objective of a states acting to defend their interests. This is never more evident in American foreign policy towards Iraq. The war can be viewed as following a very clear cut path of realism rather than neo-conservatism. It can be argued that when a super power is on the path to war there is no state or international organisation that can stop it, for example the USSRs invasion and occupation of Afghanistan 1979-1989. This is most certainly the case with Iraq despite various protests to the war across the globe. In the wake of terrorist attacks on the 9th September 2001support for the war in Iraq was running high due to the information and evidence that was being provided by the Bush administration to the public. The war then began to echo that of Vietnam as American became bogged down in fighting insurgents and the death toll began to rise. This is evident in a Gallup poll (figure A), Iraq war opposition (63%) is also notable because it is the highest mistake percentage Gallup has ever measured for an active war involving the USA- surpassing by two percentage points to 61% who said the Vietnam war was a mistake in May 1971. (Jones, Gallup, 2008) (figure A) (Jones, Gallup, 2008) http://media.gallup.com/poll/graphs/080423Iraq1_x7b3m0.gif In conjunction with Morgenthaus second principle, the USA felt it was in there national interest to guarantee safety to themselves by eliminating Saddam Hussein. This in turn it was hoped, might have a knock on effect to the rest of the Middle East. Despite only a handful of supporters and many opponents to it, the USA took Thuydides view to the war. This also highlighted Americas commitment to spreading democracy and therefore creating a global and peaceful environment for the world and the Middle East. Is second principle of Morgenthaus of Interest is defined in power, can be viewed in another way that the US was securing its interests in the short to long term. Many critics have argued that the US is securing is interests in the short to long term and that Iraq had to pay the price for that under the case that was peddled by the Bush administration. David Lieberfield has suggested that, in order to address why Iraq in particular was targeted, realism would also point to Iraqs geostrategic location which impinged on multiple security concerns of the US and to Iraqs unsurpassed oil reserves which it could deploy against US interests (Liebierfield, 2005, p4). From a realists perspective this can be seen as the primary goal, securing the USs interests and preventing the emergence of a hostile power, instead of the neo-conservative view promoting human rights and encouraging democratisation. There is further evidence that America was trying to protect its long terms interests in the oi l that is in Iraq was during a cabinet meeting with Bush, President Bushs Cabinet agreed in April 2001 that Iraq remains a destabilising influence to the flow of oil to international markets from the Middle East and because this is an unacceptable risk to the US military intervention is necessary. (Murphy, Evening Standard, 2003). This chapter has demonstrated that Morgenthaus second principle of. Interests is defined in terms of power has shown that states achieving and protecting their interests by using power to define them is ruthless, The assertation of American power after 9/11 was seen as a turning point as it highlighted to the world that American power was not in terminal decline, America sought to protect itself and its national interests by the use of force. (Harisch, Frank, Maull, 2011, p182). Beside what many critics of the war may perceive, Henry Kissinger has claimed that it has benefited the US in the long term. (Kissinger, 2011). Although morality was injected into the reasoning behind the war, Strauss have advised that this and is evident in Morgenthaus first principle. Morgenthau tries to express in his writings that morality and national interest should be kept apart when it come to foreign policy. Chapter Five- Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid but whose meaning can change Morgenthaus fourth principle takes into consideration the concept that Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid but whose meaning can change. (Morgenthau, 1978,4- p15). Morgenthau places emphasis on the defining of power, he expansively defines it as, anything that establishes and maintains control over man. (Morgenthau, 1978,4- p15). He also argues that meaning and definition of the nation state changes over time, while the realist indeed believes that interest is the perennial standard by which political action must be judged and directed the contemporary connection between interest and the nation state is a product of history and therefore is bound to disappear in the course of history. (Williams, Wright, Evans, 1993, p198). Realists dont assume that the world as we know it at the moment, which is divided into individual states, could be replaced by states based on a larger entity and being far from what we know now. Other thoughts of realism, which are different to Morgenthaus, ponder about how the current global state of affairs will change. Realists do accept that this change can be bought about by looking at how factors shaped the past and that similar factors could possible shape the future. But Williams, Wright and Evans argue that, realists cannot be persuaded that we can bring about a transformation by confronting a political reality that has its own laws with an abstract idea that refuses to take those laws into account. (Williams, Wright, Evans, 1993, p198). Realism is against the idea of pacification. Realists support the theory that appeasement doesnt work by using Hitler as an example. The bush administration took a standing point with the realist perspective when it came to foreign policy with Iraq. The policy that was taken against Iraq, has been justified by Richard Perle, the continental power wanted until after Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 and America waited until after September 11th to go after Osama Bin Laden. Hitlers self declared ambitions and military build up like, like Bin Ladens were under constant scrutiny long before the acts of aggression to which a response became unavoidable. Both could have been stopped by a relatively modest well timed pre-emption. (Perle, The Telegraph, 2002). Perle goes on further to stress that, what risk do we run if Saddam remains in power ad continues to build his arsenal of chemical and biological weapons ? what dangers would follow his acquisition of nuclear weapons. We cannot know for su re. But on which side would it be better to be on? How would a decision to do nothing now and hope for best, look when Saddam has nuclear weapons and he makes another run at Kuwait or succeeds Afghanistan as terrorist head quarters of the world. (Perle, The Telegraph, 2002). Perle is highlighting the American and continuing schools of realisms thought on appeasement a potential dangerous enemy. He is conforming to Morgenthaus third principle by applying, establishing and maintaining a certain level of control over Iraq and the people of Iraq. This highlights Morgenthaus third principle, interests defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid but the whole mean can change. Howard Feinberg has argued that, Power is anything that establishes and maintains the control of man over man, accordingly to Morgenthaus third principle his definition of power cover not only the intrinsic power of capability (physical violence or the threat thereof), which is all that Waltz recognises, but also that of contingent power (subtle psychological ties and mental control). National character morale and the quality of government are found by Morgenthau to be even the most important components of power, even more so than the intrinsic capabilities. (Feinberg, 1996). This highlights that power is control and that Morgenthaus third principle realises this. But as with America, Morgenthaus third principle has realised that power has its limitations to control as the US found concerning its support from different nations lead ing up to the Iraq war. The critic Kenneth Waltz has argued that American justification for the war is an attempt to convince the world that to go to war is just. But it is also a classic realist sign that of an attempt at trying to take control, through the power of reasoning. The urge to explain is not born out of idle curiosity alone. It is produced also, by the desire to control or at least a desire to know if control is possible. (Waltz, 1996, p15). Despite Morgenthaus third principle, realism does not take into account the climate in which foreign policy can be applied. An important part of the realist school of thought is the balance of power. The balance of power can be applied successfully to foreign policy the actions applied can also make the world co-operate more there is no nation state is trying to gain an upper hand. An example of this could be the peace that has existed between France and Germany since the end of the Second World War. Chapter Five- Universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states in the abstract; the circumstances of time and place must be considered. Morgenthaus fourth principle argues that the school of realism realises that morals can play a part in the importance of taking a political action. It also recognises that there can be some friction created between those that want to apply those morals to a states actions and whether or not the application of those morals on a states action is successful or not. Realism fails to address any tension that may occur and it does not make clear any moral or political issues which may occur by a state acting as a leader. The state may try and make its own morals appear more appealing to other nations than they actually are. Hasting argues that Morgenthaus fourth principle advocates that some states may act even if the moral is indefensible or even morally wrong, relations between states as leaders must sometimes take actions considered morally wrong in order to best serve the interest of those to whom they are accountable. i.e the people. (Hastings, academia.edu). Morgenthau insists that realism can not apply morals to states actions, Political realism is aware of the moral significance of political action. It is also aware of the ineluctable tension between the moral command and the requirements of successful political action. And it is unwilling to gloss over and obliterate that tension and thus to obfuscate both the moral and the political issue by making it appear as though the stark facts of politics were morally more satisfying than they actually are, and the moral law less exacting than it actually is. (Myers, 2006, p14). Morgenthaus argument highlights the fact that the state has an obligation to continue function as one, and to protect its people that are within the state. According to Keaney, he argues that it is the in the intrinsic nature of the human actors who control the states that cause states to behave in the way they do. (Keaney, 2006, p4) . This suggests that there can be no morality in politics unless there is careful mana gement. If states actors do not take into consideration the results of their actions then this can risk upsetting the balance of power. Realism does come to the conclusion that any form of political action is bad despite states morals. This is due to an outcome that is going to be unfavourable to any actors involved despite any judgements passed on actions taken. An example of this can be US foreign policy in Iraq. The US actions in Iraq can be considered a clear reflection of Morgenthaus fourth principle. This because of the US taking a course of action that other states actors did not agreed with. This can be seen in figure B with a steady decrease in the popularity of America after the invasion of Iraq, the chart shows the opinions of Western European countries. In realist terms the primary objectives of the American government after the September 11th attacks was to gain a foothold in the Middle East that would give access to other parts of the world. Many saw the Americans actions as unfavourable and that prompted them to say that the American attack on Iraq was for its oil reserves. The Bush administration came to the conclusion that it would be better to invade Iraq and eradicate it of terrorism altogether rather than them hunt individual terrorists. Bush prior to the invasion of Iraq squarely pinned the blame for anti-Americanism onto the shoulders of Iraq and other dictatorships in the Middle East. This argument has been supported by Tom Lindberg and Suzanne Mossel, Given the links drawn by everyone from Osama bin Laden to President Bush between the Iraqi insurgency and the fight against al Qaeda, it becomes clear that anti-Americanism plays at least some role in motivating those who aid and abet the Iraqi insurgency with financing, shelter, and other forms of support. (Lindberg, Mossel, The Princeton Project of National Security, p13). (Figure B) Do Opinion of the United States you have a favorable or unfavorable view of the U.S.? Europe: Percent responding Favorable, all years measured COUNTRY 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 View trend for Britain on this question Britain 75 70 58 55 56 51 53 69 65 61 60 View trend for Bulgaria on this question Bulgaria 72 51 View trend for Czech Republic on this question Czech Republic 71 45 54 View trend for France on this question France 62 42 37 43 39 39 42 75 73 75 69 View trend for Germany on this question Germany 60 45 38 42 37 30 31 64 63 62 52 View trend for Greece on this question Greece 35 View trend for Italy on this question Italy 70 60 53 74 View trend for Lithuania on this question Lithuania 73 View trend for Netherlands on this question Netherlands 45 View trend for Poland on this question Poland 79 62 61 68 67 74 70 69 View trend for Russia on this question Russia 61 37 46 52 43 41 46 44 57 56 52 View trend for Slovakia on this question Slovakia 60 41 View trend for Spain on this question Spain 38 41 23 34 33 58 61 64 58 View trend for Sweden on this question Sweden 46 View trend for Ukraine on this question Ukraine 80 54 60 As Morgenthaus four principle reiterates, some actions taken are going to be unfavourable to others. For realists the invasion of the country was a logical, with the evidence given. This is because national security and the continuation of the state take priority above any other interest which maybe had even if the political decision is unfavourable. The US did perceive that Iran and Syria did pose a threat against the USA. But with the US having such a close force to these threats it could be in a better position to take action against one of the need was there. Bush, it could be argued was using a domino theory as exactly as was employed in Vietnam. Chapter Six- The moral laws that govern the universe are distinct for the moral of anyone nation